|
Year
|
Nobel Laureate
|
Animal Model
|
Contribution to Modern Medicine
|
|
2009
|
Carol W. Greider
|
Protzoan, mouse, frog
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2009
|
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
|
Protzoan, mouse
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2009
|
Jack W. Szostak
|
Protzoan
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2008
|
Harald zur Hausen
|
Hamster, mouse, cow
|
Discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
|
|
2008
|
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
|
Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse
|
Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
2008
|
Luc Montagnier
|
Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse
|
Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
2007
|
Mario R. Capecchi
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2007
|
Sir Martin J. Evans
|
Mouse, Chick
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2007
|
Oliver Smithies
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2006
|
Andrew Z. Fire
|
Nematode roundworm
|
Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|
|
2006
|
Craig C. Mello
|
Nematode roundworm
|
Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|
|
2005
|
Barry J. Marshall
|
Piglet
|
Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
|
|
2004
|
Richard Axel
|
Mouse, Drosophila (fruit flies)
|
Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
|
|
2004
|
Linda B. Buck
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
|
2003
|
Paul C. Lauterbur
|
Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog
|
Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
|
2003
|
Sir Peter Mansfield
|
Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog
|
Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
|
2002
|
H. Robert Horvitz
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2002
|
Sydney Brenner
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2002
|
John E. Sulston
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2001
|
Leland H. Hartwell
|
Sea urchin, frog
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2001
|
Tim Hunt
|
Sea urchin, frog, Rabbit, Xenopus, Clam
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2001
|
Sir Paul M. Nurse
|
Sea urchin, frog
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2000
|
Arvid Carlsson
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
2000
|
Paul Greengard
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
2000
|
Eric R. Kandel
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
1999
|
Günter Blobel
|
Mouse, rat, dog
|
Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|
|
1998
|
Robert F. Furchgott
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1998
|
Louis J. Ignarro
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1998
|
Ferid Murad
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1997
|
Stanley B. Prusiner
|
Mouse, hamster
|
Discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection
|
|
1996
|
Peter C. Doherty
|
Mouse
|
Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system
|
|
1996
|
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
|
Mouse
|
Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system
|
|
1995
|
Edward B. Lewis
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1995
|
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1995
|
Eric F. Wieschaus
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1994
|
Alfred G. Gilman
|
Rat, cow, rabbit, turkey
|
Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
|
|
1994
|
Martin Rodbell
|
Rat, guinea pig, turkey
|
Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
|
|
1993
|
Richard J. Roberts
|
Rats
|
Discoveries of split genes
|
|
1993
|
Phillip A. Sharp
|
Mice
|
Discoveries of split genes
|
|
1992
|
Edmond H. Fischer
|
Rabbit
|
Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
|
|
1992
|
Edwin G. Krebs
|
Rabbit, Rat
|
Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
|
|
1991
|
Erwin Neher
|
Frog
|
Chemical communication between cells
|
|
1991
|
Bert Sakmann
|
Frog
|
Chemical communication between cells
|
|
1990
|
Joseph E. Murray
|
Dog
|
Organ transplantation techniques
|
|
1990
|
E. Donnall Thomas
|
Dog
|
Organ transplantation techniques
|
|
1989
|
Harold E. Varmus
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
|
|
1989
|
J. Michael Bishop
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
|
|
1988
|
Sir James W. Black
|
Guinea pig, cat, dog, rat
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1988
|
Gertrude B. Elion
|
Mice, dog, rabbit, monkey
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1988
|
George H. Hitchings
|
Mice, rat, dog
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1987
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
Mouse embryo
|
Discovery of genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
|
|
1986
|
Stanley Cohen
|
Mouse, chick, snake
|
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor
|
|
1986
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
Mouse, chick, snake
|
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor
|
|
1985
|
Michael S. Brown
|
Rats
|
Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
|
|
1985
|
Joseph L. Goldstein
|
Rats
|
Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
|
|
1984
|
Niels K. Jerne
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1984
|
Georges J.F. Köhler
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1984
|
César Milstein
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1982
|
Sune K. Bergström
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1982
|
Bengt I. Samuelsson
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1982
|
John R. Vane
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1981
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres
|
|
1981
|
David H. Hubel
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
|
|
1981
|
Torsten N. Wiesel
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
|
|
1980
|
Baruj Benacerraf
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1980
|
Jean Dausset
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1980
|
George D. Snell
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1979
|
Allan M. Cormack
|
Pig
|
Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan)
|
|
1979
|
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
Pig
|
Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan)
|
|
1977
|
Roger Guillemin
|
Sheep, pig
|
Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
|
|
1977
|
Andrew V. Schally
|
Sheep, pig
|
Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
|
|
1977
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
Sheep, pig
|
Development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
|
|
1976
|
Baruch S. Blumberg
|
Chimpanzee
|
New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
|
|
1976
|
D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
Chimpanzee
|
New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
|
|
1975
|
David Baltimore
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1975
|
Renato Dulbecco
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1975
|
Howard Martin Temin
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1974
|
Albert Claude
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1974
|
Christian de Duve
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1974
|
George E. Palade
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1973
|
Karl von Frisch
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1973
|
Konrad Lorenz
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1973
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1972
|
Gerald M. Edelman
|
Guinea pig, rabbit
|
Chemical structure of antibodies
|
|
1972
|
Rodney R. Porter
|
Guinea pig, rabbit
|
Chemical structure of antibodies
|
|
1971
|
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
|
Mammalian liver
|
Mechanism of the actions of hormones
|
|
1970
|
Sir Bernard Katz
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1970
|
Ulf von Euler
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1970
|
Julius Axelrod
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1968
|
Robert W. Holley
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1968
|
Har Gobind Khorana
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1968
|
Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1967
|
Ragnar Granit
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1967
|
Haldan Keffer Hartline
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1967
|
George Wald
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1966
|
Peyton Rous
|
Rat, rabbit, hen
|
Discovery of tumour-inducing viruses
|
|
1966
|
Charles Brenton Huggins
|
Rat, rabbit, hen
|
Discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
|
|
1964
|
Konrad Bloch
|
Rat
|
Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
|
|
1964
|
Feodor Lynen
|
Rat
|
Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
|
|
1963
|
Sir John Carew Eccles
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1963
|
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1963
|
Andrew Fielding Huxley
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1961
|
Georg von Békésy
|
Guinea pig
|
Physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
|
|
1960
|
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
|
Rabbit
|
Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|
|
1960
|
Peter Brian Medawar
|
Rabbit
|
Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|
|
1957
|
Daniel Bovet
|
Dog, rabbit
|
Production of synthetic compounds and their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscles
|
|
1955
|
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
|
Horse
|
Nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
|
|
1954
|
John Franklin Enders
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1954
|
Thomas Huckle Weller
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1954
|
Frederick Chapman Robbins
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1953
|
Hans Adolf Krebs
|
Pigeon
|
Discovery of the citric acid cycle
|
|
1953
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann
|
Pigeon
|
Discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance in intermediary metabolism
|
|
1952
|
Selman Abraham Waksman
|
Guinea pig
|
Discovery of streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis
|
|
1951
|
Max Theiler
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Development of yellow fever vaccine
|
|
1950
|
Edward Calvin Kendall
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1950
|
Tadeus Reichstein
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1950
|
Philip Showalter Hench
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1949
|
Walter Rudolf Hess
|
Cat
|
Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal organs
|
|
1949
|
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
|
Cat
|
Discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses
|
|
1947
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Catalytic conversion glycogen
|
|
1947
|
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Catalytic conversion glycogen
|
|
1947
|
Bernardo Alberto Houssay
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Role of pituitary in sugar metabolism
|
|
1945
|
Sir Alexander Fleming
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1945
|
Ernst Boris Chain
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1945
|
Sir Howard Walter Florey
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1944
|
Joseph Erlanger
|
Cat
|
Specific functions of nerve cells
|
|
1944
|
Herbert Spencer Gasser
|
Cat
|
Specific functions of nerve cells
|
|
1943
|
Henrik Carl Peter Dam
|
Rat, dog, chick, mouse
|
Discovery of function of Vitamin K
|
|
1943
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy
|
Rat, dog, chick, mouse
|
Discovery of function of Vitamin K
|
|
1939
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
Mouse, rabbit
|
Antibacterial effects of prontosil
|
|
1938
|
Corneille Jean François Heymans
|
Dog
|
Role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respirtation
|
|
1936
|
Sir Henry Hallett Dale
|
Cat, frog, bird, reptile
|
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
|
|
1936
|
Otto Loewi
|
Cat, frog, bird, reptile
|
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
|
|
1935
|
Hans Spemann
|
Newt, frog
|
Organizer effect in embryonic development
|
|
1934
|
George Hoyt Whipple
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1934
|
George Richards Minot
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1934
|
William Parry Murphy
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1932
|
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
|
Dog, cat
|
Function of neurons
|
|
1932
|
Edgar Douglas Adrian
|
Dog, cat
|
Function of neurons
|
|
1929
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins
|
|
1929
|
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins
|
|
1928
|
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
|
Monkey, guinea pig, rat, mouse
|
Pathogenesis of typhus
|
|
1924
|
Willem Einthoven
|
Dog
|
Mechanism of the electrocardiogram
|
|
1923
|
Frederick Grant Banting
|
Dog, rabbit, fish
|
Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes
|
|
1923
|
John James Richard Macleod
|
Dog, rabbit, fish
|
Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes
|
|
1922
|
Archibald Vivian Hill
|
Frog
|
Discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
|
|
1920
|
Schack August Steenberg Krogh
|
Frog
|
Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism
|
|
1919
|
Jules Bordet
|
Guinea pig, horse, rabbit
|
Mechanisms of immunity
|
|
1913
|
Charles Robert Richet
|
Dog, rabbit
|
Mechanisms of anaphylaxis
|
|
1912
|
Alexis Carrel
|
Dog
|
Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels
|
|
1910
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
Bird
|
Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins, including nuclear substances
|
|
1908
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
|
Bird, fish, guinea pig
|
Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes
|
|
1908
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
Bird, fish, guinea pig
|
Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes
|
|
1907
|
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
|
Bird
|
Role of protozoa as cause of disease
|
|
1906
|
Camillo Golgi
|
Dog, horse
|
Characterization of the central nervous system
|
|
1906
|
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
|
Dog, horse
|
Characterization of the central nervous system
|
|
1905
|
Robert Koch
|
Cow, sheep
|
Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis
|
|
1904
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
|
Dog
|
Animal responses to various stimuli
|
|
1902
|
Ronald Ross
|
Pigeon
|
Understanding of malaria life cycle
|
|
1901
|
Emil Adolf von Behring
|
Guinea Pig
|
Development of diphtheria antiserum
|